Cây móng bò có tên gọi khác là cây Hoa ban, cây Hoa hậu. Có tên khoa học là Bauhinia Variegata L, tên tiếng Anh là Camel’s foot ( bàn chân lạc đà). Thuộc chi Bauhinia, phân họ Vang (Caesalpinoideae), họ đậu ( Fabaceae).
Chi tập hợp thành 3 dạng sống khác nhau: Cây gỗ, cây bụi, cây leo với số lượng loài lớn, chỉ riêng ở Việt Nam đã có hơn 40 loài. Là loại cây xanh đô thị được chú ý nhiều do cái tên và hình thái khá lạ mắt, lại cho hoa đẹp và có bóng mát.
Cái tên được nhiều người tò mò chính vì lá của móng bò phân làm 2 thùy trông giống móng bò và người ta đặt tên là Móng bò” để dễ nhận dang với các cây khác. Hiện nay có 2 loại dạng gỗ là móng bò tím, móng bò sọc, một loại cây bụi là móng bò trắng, một loại dây leo là móng bò hoa phượng.
– Cây móng bò tím còn được gọi là móng bò đỏ hay cây hoàng hậu, tên khoa học là Bauhinia purpurea. Là cây gỗ nhỏ cao trung bình từ 2 – 6 mét, phân cành dài, tán rộng và thưa. Lá có màu xanh, nhẵn bóng, lá to, có hình tim ở gốc, đầu có 2 thùy thuôn dạng tròn, gốc có 9 -11 gân rõ ràng, cuốn lá dài 4cm.
Hoa có dạng chùm thưa, mang hoa lớn, có màu ít thay đổi tím hoặc tím phớt hồng, ở ngọn cành cây hay ở nách lá các đỉnh. Hoa có cánh tràng mềm, mép răn reo kéo dài thành móng ở gốc, ở giữa có một cánh thìa dạng thuôn hình giáo, nổi rõ đốm trắng.
– Cây móng bò sọc còn được gọi là cây hoa ban, tên khoa học là Bauhinia variegata.Cả hai loài này đều có chung nhiều tên tiếng Anh là Purple bauhinia, Butterfly-tree, Orchid-tree, Camel’s foot tree… Lá móng bò sọc có đến 11 – 13 gân.
Cuống lá chỉ đạt 2,5 cm. Màu hoa biến động từ trắng, trắng hồng, hồng tím, tím và cánh hoa thường xuất hiện những đường sọc rất rõ nét.
Nhưng cả hai đều có quả lớn, dẹt, thuôn đều, dài 30cm, hạt dẹt.
Là loại cây công trình, có tốc độ sinh trưởng nhanh, phù hợp với cây ưa sáng, đất giàu chất dinh dưỡng, thoát nước tốt, không cần cắt tỉa thường xuyên, sức sống có thể giảm sau khi ra hoa cần được chăm sóc và bổ sung chất dinh dưỡng cho cây.
Trong hệ thống cây luôn có sự hiện diện của hai loài, khí hậu ở miền Trung và miền Nam có đặc trưng mưa nhiều, độ ẩm cao nên cả 2 lạo móng bò này không thay lá toàn phần, khiến cho khi cây ra hoa không cho hoa theo vòm hoa rực một màu như ở Tây Bắc.
Nhưng thay vào đó cây cho hoa vào nhiều tháng trong năm, ngay cả mùa đông, góp phần điểm tô cảnh vật, cho cảnh quan bớt buồn tẻ.
Móng bò là cây bóng mát, tạo cảnh quan đẹp. Thường được trồng trong bồn, trồng thành hàng dọc lối đi trong các công viên, đường phố, khu du lịch, khu công nghiệp, khu dân cư, làm tiểu cảnh sân vườn…
Ngoài ra còn tăng mảng xanh, điều hòa không khí xung quanh. Bên cạnh đó, có nhiều tác dụng về mặt dược học và thực phẩm ví dụ như: Lá có hàm lượng canxi và sắt cao, có vị chua, nên được làm chất tạo hương vị cho thịt cá; nhiều bộ phận của cây có tác dụng giảm đau, hạ nhiệt, điều trị kiết lị, tiêu chảy, giun sáng, làm rượu bổ, điều trị tổn thương ngoài da. Còn là nguồn cảm hứng của các nhà thơ, nhà văn mang đến những tác phẩm hay lay động lòng người đặc biệt là móng bò tím.
Nhân giống cây móng bò bằng cách trồng bằng hạt, được ươm gieo trong bầu cố đinh, sau 1 năm đem trồng nơi cố định. Để trồng trên vỉa hè, đường phố thì nên sử dụng giống cây đã nhân giống từ hạt, chọn những cây có thân thẳng và tỉa cành trong thời gian đầu.
Nếu trồng bằng cành giâm thì nhất định phải xuân hóa cây mẹ để có những cành cấp một làm vật liệu giâm hom. Cần tưới nước và cung cấp ánh sáng đầy đủ cho cây phát triển; tưới phân cho cây khoảng 1 tuần 1 lần sau khi đem cây đi trồng. Chính vì hay bị sâu bệnh ở lá, nên cần chú ý có nhưng liều thuốc phun đặc trị bệnh.
Ngày nay, cây móng bò có mặt phổ biến khắp mọi nơi, chính vì vẻ đẹp quyến rũ của hoa nên có sức thu hút khách du lịch tham quan, tạo ra giá trị kinh tế cao.
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